So, happy birthday, Percy, and many happy returns. You are, and shall ever be, close to my heart!
Percy Aldridge Grainger is the most famous composer/pianist ever
to emerge from the Australian continent - an enigmatic, complicated man whose
amazing talents produced far-reaching effects on the musical world, and yet who
remains vastly unknown today, even in his native land. He was born on July 8,
1882 in Brighton, a suburb of Melbourne, to John and Rose Grainger. Although
originally christened George Percy Grainger, he began to use the name Percy
Aldridge Grainger, somewhere around 1912, in tribute to his mother's family.
One can only speculate as to his feelings toward his father at that point. John
Grainger was an engineer/architect of considerable ability, most noted for his
design of the Princes Bridge in Melbourne.
Percy was primarily raised by his mother Rose, a strong,
intelligent woman possessed of musical ability whose family hailed from
Adelaide, and who had visions of her son as a gifted musician even before his
birth. From the ages of five to ten, she painstakingly tutored him on the
piano, instilling a deep and abiding love of music in the boy which never
flagged during his lifetime. His only formal education was a brief stint of a
few months at the Misses Turner's Preparatory School for Boys in South Yarra, a
time during which he "ran home madly as soon as school was out, to avoid
fights with other boys", sometime about 1894-95. Other than that, Rose
handled his general education. Even as a child, Percy was fascinated by the
sounds of nature, and had many happy memories of the time spent at his beloved
Albert Park in Melbourne, watching and listening to the waves of the Albert
Park Lake, which in time led to his interest in and development of his Free
Music...
By 1890, John Grainger had moved out of the family home, never to
return. Rose turned Percy's musical education after the age of ten over to Dr.
Louis Pabst, feeling that she had taken her son as far as she could, and on
July 9, 1894, Percy made his public debut at Melbourne's Masonic Hall to
excellent reviews.
The next year, after a hugely successful farewell Benefit Concert
in The Melbourne Town Hall, Rose Grainger moved the two of them to Germany, so
that Percy could have better study opportunities with the finest teachers in
Europe. There he formed some of the friendships which were to last throughout
most of his life among his fellow students - Roger Quilter, Balfour Gardiner,
Cyril Scott, and Norman O'Neill. This group of young composers, along with
Percy, became known as the Frankfurt Five. They called him Perks, encouraged
one another in their compositional ambitions. Here Percy also met another
lifelong friend, Danish cellist Herman Sandby, who saw great things in the
music of this wild-haired young Australian.
At this time, Rose Grainger's health was not the best. Known only
to her young son, she suffered from syphilis, which she had contracted from her
alcoholic, womanizing husband, and which at that time was incurable. The
disease would flare up from time to time and she would find herself unable to
make a living for herself and her son. On top of that, she had an accident in
which she slipped on some ice, coupled with a nervous collapse, which left
Percy as sole provider for the family.
He performed at recitals, accompanied singers and gave private
piano lessons, while Rose was forced to recuperate for months, nursed chiefly
by her son. In 1901, Rose and Percy bade farewell to Germany and set their
sights on making their way in London. The thirteen years that they were to
spend there saw Percy firmly establish his reputation as a world-class pianist.
He gave many recitals, frequently in the homes of the well-to-do. He was not
fond of doing this, much preferring to compose rather than put himself on
display for what he considered to be the idle rich. But it was what he had to
do to keep himself and Rose, as well as his ailing father.
He made many useful contacts in this way, and met fellow composers
who became his friends - Grieg, Delius, Vaughan Williams, among others. Cyril
Scott had come to London before Percy and they happily resumed their
friendship, although Rose kept a firm hand on Percy's time and energies,
controlling every facet of his life, including his love life. Percy had a
patroness, Lilith Lowrey, a fortyish married member of society, who insisted
that he become her lover if he wanted to continue to receive the benefit of her
patronage, and he had no choice but to obey, losing his virginity to her at the
age of twenty.
Percy loved his mother very much, and was a very dutiful son. He
had taken on the responsibility of caring for her since the departure of his
architect father, and was determined to put Rose above everything else. Through
his friend Sandby, he met and fell in love with a young Danish woman, Karen
Holten, and they continued a close relationship for eight years, primarily via
correspondence, and vacations taken together about once a year. Percy realized,
however, that he could not marry Karen or any other woman at that time, for no
woman would consent to take a back seat to his mother, and he could not
abrogate the responsibility which he had taken upon himself. So reluctantly he
let Karen go and she married another, although they maintained a friendship
until her death in 1953. He composed a piece of music on the occasion of her
marriage, Bridal Lullaby.
It was during his time in England that he developed an interest in
folksong collecting, an enthusiasm also shared by his friend Cecil Sharp. He
spent much time going about the English countryside, particularly in
Lincolnshire, gathering the songs of the folk singers and recording them on
cylinders, a practice not much used before. One of his arrangements of the song
Country Gardens eventually became the best known of his works, overshadowing
his other compositions, and it brought in a comfortable income until he died.
This was to his chagrin, for he was dismayed that people would remember him for
such a light piece, and never get to know the other more important things that
he had done.
In 1914, with the war in Europe breaking out, Percy and Rose
decided that it was not safe for them to remain there any longer, and feared an
untimely end to Percy's budding musical career if he should have to fight in
the army. A pacifist by nature, he did not believe in the unsportsmanlike,
unmanly way in which modern wars had come to be conducted, and wanted no part
of them. So he and Rose left the country, coming to America, which had been of
interest to him for some time. There, he was embraced by the American public
and his career took off.
He took as an agent Antonia Sawyer, who became a good friend as
well. In 1917, amid the jeers of people back in England who called him a
coward, he decided to enlist in the army, bought a soprano saxophone and marched
off to Fort Totten. He enlisted under the name of PA Grainger, and was
immediately transferred to Fort Hamilton, South Brooklyn, as a member of the
15th Band of the Coast Artillery Corps under band leader Rocco Resta. Because
there was a surplus of saxophones, Percy was given an oboe to play and
contentedly played in anonymity until at one of the band's concerts, he was
recognized by a reporter and flushed out for who he really was. He spent the
war years giving concerts and helping to raise funds for such organizations as
the Red Cross, for which he made a lifelong commitment of assistance.
Percy's stint in the army led to his interest in composing for
wind bands, and he was one of the first composers to realize their potential.
He wrote a beautiful suite, Lincolnshire Posy, based on several songs he had
collected. Besides Country Gardens, some of his other successful compositions
included Molly on the Shore, Shepherd's Hey and Irish Tune From County Derry
(Danny Boy).
In 1921, Percy purchased a home in White Plains, New York, for
himself and Rose, whose health was deteriorating. His next door neighbors were
Tonie and Frederick Morse (Tonie was Antonia Sawyer's niece, and eventually
became Percy's manager, while Frederick acted as secretary and wrestling partner).
Percy and Rose had never been separated for more than three weeks at a time
throughout his life, even while he was on tour, but in early 1922, she was
unable to accompany him on a two-month tour of the Pacific coast and Canada.
Perhaps Rose felt that her control of Percy was slipping, perhaps she agonized
over his need for a wife versus her need to be the most important person in his
life, or perhaps her syphilis had become too overwhelming for her to handle any
longer. There were also rumours of an incestuous relationship existing between
her and Percy, the result of a bitter ex-girlfriend who blamed Rose for the
breakup of her relationship with Percy. Whatever the reason, on April 30, 1922,
she plunged from the eighteenth floor of the Aeolian Building in New York,
where Antonia Sawyer had her office. Percy was conducting the Los Angeles
Philharmonic at the time. When he reached his dressing room, a telegram awaited
him stating that his mother had died. It was only on the train trip back to New
York that a distraught Percy learned the details of her death.
Rose's death was a blow from which Percy never fully recovered. He
traveled and went on tours, collecting folk songs in Denmark with Evald Tang
Kristensen. In Norway, he saw Frederick Delius again for the first time in many
years, and was saddened at the state of his friend's deteriorating health
(Delius also suffered from syphilis). In 1924 Percy became a vegetarian (he
referred to it as meat-shunment, part of his blue-eyed English - a quixotic attempt
to expunge the English language of all words of Latin and Greek derivation).
In 1926, while returning to America from Australia aboard the RMMS
Aorangi, he met and fell in love with a Swedish poet/courtesan - Ella Viola
Ström. It was love at first sight for the heartsick Percy, but he did not
immediately win over the girl of his dreams. He courted her assiduously,
visiting with her at her home in Pevensey Bay, England, while she communicated
with her Japanese lover, Iyemasa Tokugawa, as to ending their relationship and
marrying Percy. Apparently he gave his consent, for they were wed at the
Hollywood Bowl, Los Angeles on August 9, 1928, before a crowd of some 20,000
who had attended Percy's concert there. For the occasion, he wrote a piece of
music for his bride - To A Nordic Princess. They remained married until Percy's
death in 1961. This marriage produced no offspring.
Some of Percy's more ambitious compositions include The Warriors
(Music for an Imaginary Ballet), Random Round, In A Nutshell, The Jungle Book
among others. He was one of the foremost pianists of his era, and his skill is
still evident in the CDs which are available of his works, which were
originally recorded on cylinders and on Duo-Art Recording Piano rolls He spent
many years working on his concept of free music, building machines which would
eliminate the need for a performer, and he developed the forerunner of the
modern synthesizer. He also developed the idea of beatless music and in 1908
came up with a prototype of the modern sports bra, so his lover could
comfortably run with him.
He remained very outspoken in his views, and often contradicted
his words with his actions. He championed composer Henry Cowell when others
turned their backs on him for what was at that time viewed as moral turpitude,
kept in touch with him while Cowell was in prison and allowed him to be
released to his guardianship, where he employed him at the Graingers' White
Plains home. He was very publicity conscious, and this too coloured the things
that he did. Viewed by some as a racist, he actually liked all people, and
worked assiduously to introduce the public to types of music not commonly heard
- claiming that music was dominated by the Germans and Russians, to the
detriment of other nations - Polynesians, Africans, Asians, to name a few.
He was a champion of physical fitness, and stayed in top form
throughout his life. He designed clothing from colourfully patterned towel
material, as well as beaded necklaces. He loved Kipling, and spent over fifty
years on his musical studies of the Jungle Book, which contain some of the most
beautiful choral music ever written. He had an affinity for writing startlingly
compelling chromatic harmonies which is equaled by few composers.
He began building a museum for himself in Melbourne in 1932, in
order not just to collect the pieces of his life, but to help to understand the
influences that came to bear in making him the person that he was. A prolific
archivist, his correspondence is simply amazing to behold, and is currently in
the process of being catalogued. Also in the Grainger Museum are many of his
instruments and memorabilia from the people in his life, including life-sized
dummies wearing their original clothes (which he requested from his friends, as
well as copies of all correspondence).
Percy Aldridge Grainger was a man ahead of his time in many ways.
If he had been born at a later time, today he would probably be a cultural
phenomenon, gracing the pages of supermarket tabloids worldwide with his
striking Adonis looks, his immense talent for the keyboard as well as his
talent for being controversial, and for his antics both on stage and off -
including his various athletic leaps upon the stage, being mistakenly arrested
for vagrancy (more than once), moving pianos on stage, his espousal of
blue-eyed English, his relationship with his mother and his proclivity toward
the use of whips in his sex-life. Percy Grainger was indeed one of a kind.
Simply fascinating! Oh, how I would love to meet a man such as this! So diverse, so...handsome!
ReplyDeleteVery, very interesting, and thank you SO much for sharing him!
I know! I fell utterly in love with him and rued that he died when I was only four years old! I would have loved this man forever!
DeleteYou are very welcome! I hope you get some of his music and listen to it! I'll email you about that!